What are GLP-1 drugs and why is everyone talking about them? GLP-1 (glucagon-like peptide-1) receptor agonists — like semaglutide (Ozempic, Wegovy) and liraglutide — were originally developed for Type 2 diabetes. Clinical trials showed 10–15% body weight reduction with weekly semaglutide injections, comparable to bariatric surgery. That's why they've exploded in use for obesity management too. Are GLP-1 drugs available in India? Yes. Semaglutide (branded as Ozempic and Rybelsus) is available in India. Liraglutide (Victoza, Saxenda) is also available. These are prescription-only drugs. Pricing remains high for most Indian patients — generic versions are in the pipeline but not yet widely available domestically. When should a doctor prescribe GLP-1 for a patient? For Type 2 diabetes: when glycemic control is inadequate with metformin alone, or when there is established cardiovascular risk. For obesity: BMI ≥30, or ≥27 with comorbidities like hypertension or sleep apnea. These should always be combined with dietary counselling and lifestyle modification — not used as standalone quick fixes. What are the main side effects to counsel patients about? Nausea and vomiting are the most common, especially in the first few weeks. Start at a low dose and titrate slowly. Rare but serious risks include pancreatitis and thyroid C-cell tumours (contraindicated in patients with personal or family history of medullary thyroid carcinoma or MEN2). About 20% of Type 2 diabetes patients cannot tolerate or do not respond to GLP-1 drugs. Is there an oral GLP-1 option coming? Yes. Oral semaglutide (Rybelsus) is already approved and available. Newer oral formulations with improved bioavailability are in advanced trials globally. For Indian patients who refuse injections, oral GLP-1 is a meaningful option to discuss.